據(jù)《柳葉刀神經(jīng)病學(xué)》雜志一項(xiàng)最新研究顯示,妊娠期間使用丙戊酸鈉可導(dǎo)致后代認(rèn)知能力下降。研究結(jié)果來(lái)自著名的抗癲癇藥物對(duì)神經(jīng)發(fā)育影響(NEAD)研究,由美國(guó)佐治亞洲亞特蘭大市埃默里大學(xué)的Kimford J. Meador博士和他的同事報(bào)告。
Meador博士稱,“丙戊酸鈉是用于能生育女性為數(shù)不多的藥物首選。已知該藥致畸率約為10%,自2004年開(kāi)始變得尤為明顯。該藥最重要的副作用是降低認(rèn)知功能。”
他們的最新研究結(jié)果表明,丙戊酸鈉可導(dǎo)致6歲兒童IQ下降約7-10分。研究者稱,“這非常值得注意,這會(huì)影響一個(gè)人的工作以及生活的能力。如果知道了這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn),你就不會(huì)讓你的孩子變成那樣,大部分女性患者也將不會(huì)選擇這樣的藥物。”
Meador博士說(shuō),“部分原發(fā)性全身癲癇女性患者可能不得不使用這種藥物。但我總是先嘗試使用其他藥物。 如果丙戊酸鈉是唯一有效的,那么我會(huì)盡量保持盡可能低的劑量。我想說(shuō),在這一點(diǎn)上,懷孕期間使用拉莫三嗪,卡馬西平和苯妥英看起來(lái)相當(dāng)安全。”
NEAD研究
NEAD研究招募了在1999年至2004年間英國(guó)和美國(guó)25家癲癇中心的305名懷孕的女性癲癇患者,患者均服用抗癲癇藥物(卡馬西平,拉莫三嗪,苯妥英或丙戊酸鹽)。主要預(yù)后指標(biāo)是調(diào)整母親智商后的兒童6歲時(shí)的智商,抗癲癇藥物種類(lèi),標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化劑量,出生胎齡,圍孕期葉酸的使用。311名兒童中,224名完成了6年的隨訪。結(jié)果表明,孕期使用丙戊酸鈉后所生育兒童6歲智商低于使用其他藥物后生育的兒童。
表1 子宮內(nèi)抗癲癇藥物暴露后6歲兒童平均智商
與使用其他抗癲癇藥物相比,使用丙戊酸鈉后所生兒童的口頭和記憶能力表現(xiàn)不佳,與服用拉莫三嗪(但不是卡馬西平或苯妥英)相比,非語(yǔ)言和執(zhí)行能力同樣不佳。
Meador說(shuō),正如致畸藥物所預(yù)期的那樣,丙戊酸鈉的副作用具有劑量相關(guān)性。作者報(bào)告稱,使用除丙戊酸鈉外的藥物后,母親的智商與孩子智商相關(guān),這表明,丙戊酸鈉暴露會(huì)破壞這種相關(guān)。
他們還發(fā)現(xiàn),與用來(lái)作參考的正常兒童樣本相比,使用丙戊酸和拉莫三嗪后出現(xiàn)右利手的頻率較低,他們認(rèn)為這可能表明,使用某些抗癲癇藥物可能會(huì)影響胎兒正常的大腦偏側(cè)化(即對(duì)右利手的影響)。
Meador博士指出,現(xiàn)在已在丙戊酸鈉標(biāo)簽中標(biāo)注其可造成畸形和智商下降,目前的美國(guó)神經(jīng)病學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)指南已經(jīng)建議在懷孕期間不要使用丙戊酸鈉。他說(shuō),“盡管這樣,但還是有很多女性使用丙戊酸鈉。三甲癲癇中心已減少該藥的使用,但一般醫(yī)院還未有明顯的改變,初級(jí)保健醫(yī)生和精神科醫(yī)生仍然在廣泛使用。需要對(duì)臨床醫(yī)生和廣大市民進(jìn)行更多的教育。”
他指出,認(rèn)知損害可能在低劑量時(shí)就會(huì)發(fā)生,而并不一定與致畸相關(guān)。我曾診治過(guò)這樣的患者,他們認(rèn)為他們足不出戶,沒(méi)有任何活動(dòng),孩子就不會(huì)有畸形,但后來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)孩子有嚴(yán)重的語(yǔ)言發(fā)育遲緩。“他宣稱”我相信,就我們現(xiàn)在所有的證據(jù)而言,如果向有育齡女性婦女開(kāi)據(jù)這種藥物但沒(méi)有警告對(duì)嬰兒的影響的話,醫(yī)生將面臨著官司。“
孕期補(bǔ)充葉酸可增加IQ
研究中的另一個(gè)有趣的現(xiàn)象是,妊娠期間服用葉酸的患者所生孩子的IQ較未服用葉酸者高。
表2 圍妊娠期補(bǔ)充葉酸與未補(bǔ)充葉酸的6歲兒童平均智商比較
Meador博士說(shuō), ”我們看到妊娠期補(bǔ)充葉酸,IO增加約7分,似乎具有劑量依賴性。這有著重要的意義。“他指出,其他研究也顯示非癲癇人群中的結(jié)果類(lèi)似,他補(bǔ)充說(shuō),”我們已經(jīng)建議補(bǔ)充葉酸來(lái)降低畸形風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但現(xiàn)在看來(lái),它還可改善認(rèn)知。如果想懷孕,這是補(bǔ)充葉酸的一個(gè)另外理由。 葉酸對(duì)IQ的積極影響僅限于圍妊娠期使用。他指出,如果懷孕后期開(kāi)始補(bǔ)充葉酸,那么未發(fā)現(xiàn)這種效果。
然而,在隨后的評(píng)論中,來(lái)自荷蘭烏得勒支大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)中心醫(yī)學(xué)遺傳學(xué)系的Dick Lindhout,醫(yī)學(xué)博士,理學(xué)博士警告稱,葉酸對(duì)IQ的作用應(yīng)被視為初步發(fā)現(xiàn)。他指出,雖然通常向一般人群推薦圍妊娠期補(bǔ)充低劑量葉酸(每天0.1-0.4mg),但圍妊娠期高劑量葉酸補(bǔ)充劑(每天4-5mg)作為抗癲癇藥物致畸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的解毒劑,沒(méi)有基于實(shí)證并有潛在危險(xiǎn)。
他呼吁進(jìn)行隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)來(lái)比較低劑量與高劑量葉酸對(duì)接受抗癲癇藥物治療但有想要孩子的女性的作用。Lindhout 博士下結(jié)論稱,“以人群為基礎(chǔ)的前瞻性妊娠登記以及以抗癲癇藥物女性為重點(diǎn)的產(chǎn)前門(mén)診可能會(huì)為這樣的研究包括長(zhǎng)期神經(jīng)發(fā)育預(yù)后提供最好的機(jī)會(huì)”.
編譯自:Fetal antiepileptic drug exposure and cognitive outcomes at age 6 years (NEAD study): a prospective observational study
Summary
Background
Many women of childbearing potential take antiepileptic drugs, but the cognitive effects of fetal exposure are uncertain. We aimed to assess effects of commonly used antiepileptic drugs on cognitive outcomes in children up to 6 years of age.
Methods
In this prospective, observational, assessor-masked, multicentre study, we enrolled pregnant women with epilepsy on antiepileptic drug monotherapy (carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenytoin, or valproate) between October, 1999, and February, 2004, at 25 epilepsy centres in the UK and the USA. Our primary outcome was intelligence quotient (IQ) at 6 years of age (age-6 IQ) in all children, assessed with linear regression adjusted for maternal IQ, antiepileptic drug type, standardised dose, gestational birth age, and use of periconceptional folate. We also assessed multiple cognitive domains and compared findings with outcomes at younger ages. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00021866.
Findings
We included 305 mothers and 311 children (six twin pairs) in the primary analysis. 224 children completed 6 years of follow-up (6-year-completer sample). Multivariate analysis of all children showed that age-6 IQ was lower after exposure to valproate (mean 97, 95% CI 94—101) than to carbamazepine (105, 102—108; p=0·0015), lamotrigine (108, 105—110; p=0·0003), or phenytoin (108, 104—112; p=0·0006). Children exposed to valproate did poorly on measures of verbal and memory abilities compared with those exposed to the other antiepileptic drugs and on non-verbal and executive functions compared with lamotrigine (but not carbamazepine or phenytoin). High doses of valproate were negatively associated with IQ (r=—0·56, p<0·0001), verbal ability (r=—0·40, p=0·0045), non-verbal ability (r=—0·42, p=0·0028), memory (r=—0·30, p=0·0434), and executive function (r=—0·42, p=0·0004), but other antiepileptic drugs were not. Age-6 IQ correlated with IQs at younger ages, and IQ improved with age for infants exposed to any antiepileptic drug. Compared with a normative sample (173 [93%] of 187 children), right-handedness was less frequent in children in our study overall (185 [86%] of 215; p=0·0404) and in the lamotrigine (59 [83%] of 71; p=0·0287) and valproate (38 [79%] of 40; p=0·0089) groups. Verbal abilities were worse than non-verbal abilities in children in our study overall and in the lamotrigine and valproate groups. Mean IQs were higher in children exposed to periconceptional folate (108, 95% CI 106—111) than they were in unexposed children (101, 98—104; p=0·0009).
Interpretation
Fetal valproate exposure has dose-dependent associations with reduced cognitive abilities across a range of domains at 6 years of age. Reduced right-handedness and verbal (vs non-verbal) abilities might be attributable to changes in cerebral lateralisation induced by exposure to antiepileptic drugs. The positive association of periconceptional folate with IQ is consistent with other recent studies.
Funding
US National Institutes of Health, UK Epilepsy Research Foundation.